Saint Joseph Stalin

A couple of years ago, a certain Aleksandr Filippov wrote a history textbook, titled “Russian History, 1945-2007”, for Russian schoolchildren. In it, he returns to an almost Soviet view of Stalin's legacy, claiming that there were "rational reasons behind the use of violence [by Stalin] in order to ensure maximum efficiency". Stalin is being hailed as an efficient manager who [merely] had to resort to extreme measures to modernize the lumbering of Soviet agrarian economy.

In a review of the textbook by Irina Karatsuba, historian and associate professor in the Department of Regional Studies at Moscow State University, we read that "this was without doubt a paid-for textbook, written on someone’s orders, phony all the way through", that "Putin is the second most effective leader the country has ever had, after Stalin".

There is, indeed, a movement in Russia aiming towards the rehabilitation of Stalin. Putin himself is, certainly, behind it. Recall that Putin's dream is to be buried next to Stalin. In the revisionist scheme, the Orthodox Church cannot remain indifferent. Indeed, icons of Stalin have already appeared:



The icon on the left shows Stalin standing before the Blessed Matrona of Moscow, a 20th-century saint. According to legend, Stalin would frequently talk to the woman who gave him advice on how to defeat Nazi Germany in World War II.

The icon on the right depicts Stalin himself as a Saint.

Absurdities? Stupidities? Irrational acts? Indeed, all of the above and more. Revising history happens all the time in all countries. Even if we now, most of us, see the aforementioned revision as totally irrational, it may, in the end, become the norm: if a lie keeps being propagated by an official source for long time then it persists; people forget and the next generation is brought up starting from different initial conditions. And we all know that getting rid of (bad) initial conditions is tough.

Endnotes

1.Irina Karatsuba's review: This past summer I read this textbook in detail and took part in a round table discussion organized by the journal “Bolshoi Gorod” in which the textbook was discussed. After studying Filippov’s textbook and discussing it with the authors, I came to the inescapable conclusion that this was without doubt a paid-for textbook, written on someone’s orders, phony all the way through. It is based on one very dangerous idea, which can be summed up succinctly as, “The State is everything, the individual nothing.” Regarding the current regime, the textbook is absolutely servile, stating simply that Putin is the second most effective leader the country has ever had, after Stalin. And this is the crowning glory - there is nowhere higher to go. For this reason, of course, its introduction into schools in any capacity (and I think it will be introduced, as the leading textbook) can bring only harm.

The textbook automatically brings to mind how we all once studied. Soviet textbooks contained not a word of truth, of course, and no one took them seriously, nor did they expect to learn anything from the subject of history, but searched for the truth instead on their own. I recall how a textbook I was once studying (I graduated from high school in 1977) said that “the careerist Ezhov and the political adventurist Beria, using some of Stalin’s personal marks, fabricated accusations that resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of Communists.” Reading this, at age 16, I thought to myself: But how could these two people, with the help of a third, kill tens of thousands of people… What kind of regime was this? I think this is about the line of thought that will be followed by those who study from Filippov’s textbook.

But for me, as a professional, this is of course sad, because it is not just a step backward, but ten steps backward in comparison with the textbooks that were written at the end of the 1990’s and the beginning of this decade. And I am very bitter about how the textbooks of Dolutskiy and other authors are being replaced with nonsense like this.

This event is not, of course, unique. It is part of a general process of searching for a new Russian identity. A reconsideration of the Soviet period is taking place, expelling the odious waste of “the terrible 1990s” (although the current occupants of the our political Mount Olympus during the same 1990s all occupied high-profile posts) - this is all part of the creation of a myth about ourselves. But this myth is phony through and through, and worse than that it is immoral, because it sanctifies the spilling of blood and use of violence. It just perpetuates a falsehood. All of which brings to mind the words of the 16-th century Russian essayist Ivan Peresvetov, who wrote to Ivan the Terrible, “In Russian czarism there is belief, but no truth. But God does not love belief. He loves the truth.” Immortal words.

I would also recall the words of Petr Chaadaev, who wrote in 1837 that “The era of blind belief has passed. I think that now the truth is our greatest obligation to the Motherland.” Alas, this was such a premature hope, because even today this “now” has not yet arrived. But what will become of our Motherland, and of the truth, if this “now” never arrives?

Of course, the universities cannot be separated from society as a whole, and this false conception of history is beginning to penetrate them as well. One of the authors of the textbook, Leonid Polyakov, is professor of at the Higher School of Economics. This is a person who has said the most incredible things lately, such as that “we really never know what happened in the past”, and we need a positive myth about ourselves… In other words, we should just make ourselves look good, tell ourselves falsehoods - that this will help us. I do not understand how it is we can build something on falsehoods that will help us. But beyond this it becomes an issue of individual honesty, and I cannot believe that the majority of my colleagues, in either the universities or schools, will be inclined to teach according to the Filippov textbook. On the contrary, I have seen only shock, deep shock, in reaction to this textbook. The academic and teaching communities will oppose this textbook; they are already opposing it.

2. Another example of history revisionism: Almost every Greek will now tell you that the revolution against the Ottomans has started from within the Church and that the Bishop Germanos of Patras (Georgios Gotzias 1771-1826) proclaimed the national uprising on 25 March 1821 (national day of Greece). This is a mere myth. The truth is that the Greek Church did not want any uprising at all because the priests had a special status in the Ottoman Empire as tax collectors and hence benefiting themselves from the money deals with the Turks. In fact, when Patriarch Gregory V (Georgios Angelopoulos 1746-1821) failed to suppress the revolution, the Turks hung him. The Greek State revised the history, and now this Patriarch is now a Saint of the Orthodox Church. (To be fair, it is true that the hanging of the Patriarch was, indeed, perceived as an atrocious act amongst Greeks and did help in creating a national sentiment, so, indirectly, it did help the uprising. But it seems that the Patriarch himself had no intention of supporting a revolution against the Turks.)